ABOUT OF ENGINE AND COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE



   

ENGINE & WORKING PRINCIPLES

                A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The      combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates heat. This heat is supplied to a      working substance at high temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable      machines, heat energy is converted into useful work.

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE




COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE

 Cylinder:

        The cylinder of an IC engine constitutes the basic and supporting portion of the engine power
   unit. Its major function is to provide space in which the piston can operate to draw in the fuel
   mixture or air (depending upon spark ignition or compression ignition), compress it, allow it
   to expand and thus generate power. The cylinder is usually made of high-grade cast iron. In
   some cases, to give greater strength and wear resistance with less weight, chromium, nickel
   and molybdenum are added to the cast iron.

Piston:

        The piston of an engine is the first part to begin movement and to transmit power to the
  crankshaft as a result of the pressure and energy generated by the combustion of the fuel. The
  piston is closed at one end and open on the other end to permit direct attachment of the
  connecting rod and its free action.


Piston Rings:

       These are made of cast iron on account of their ability to retain bearing qualities and elasticity
  indefinitely. The primary function of the piston rings is to retain compression and at the same
  time reduce the cylinder wall and piston wall contact area to a minimum, thus reducing
  friction losses and excessive wear. The other important functions of piston rings are the
  control of the lubricating oil, cylinder lubrication, and transmission of heat away from the
  piston and from the cylinder walls. Piston rings are classed as compression rings and oil rings
  depending on their function and location on the piston.
  Compression rings are usually plain one-piece rings and are always placed in the grooves
  nearest the piston head. Oil rings are grooved or slotted and are located either in the lowest
  groove above the piston pin or in a groove near the piston skirt. Their function is to control
  the distribution of the lubricating oil to the cylinder and piston surface in order to prevent
  unnecessary or excessive oil consumption.

Piston Pin:

        The connecting rod is connected to the piston through the piston pin. It is made of case
  hardened alloy steel with precision finish. There are three different methods to connect the
  piston to the connecting rod. 

Connecting Rod:

       This is the connection between the piston and crankshaft. The end connecting the piston is
 known as small end and the other end is known as big end. The big end has two halves of a
 bearing bolted together. The connecting rod is made of drop forged steel and the section is of
 the I-beam type.

Crankshaft:

         This is connected to the piston through the connecting rod and converts the linear motion of
  the piston into the rotational motion of the flywheel. The journals of the crankshaft are
  supported on main bearings, housed in the crankcase. Counter-weights and the flywheel
  bolted to the crankshaft help in the smooth running of the engine. 

  Engine Bearings:

       The crankshaft and camshaft are supported on anti-friction bearings. These bearings must be
  capable of with standing high speed, heavy load and high temperatures. Normally, cadmium,
  silver or copper lead is coated on a steel back to give the above characteristics. For single
  cylinder vertical/horizontal engines, the present trend is to use ball bearings in place of main
  bearings of the thin shell type.

Valves:

        To allow the air to enter into the cylinder or the exhaust, gases to escape from the cylinder,
  valves are provided, known as inlet and exhaust valves respectively. The valves are mounted
  either on the cylinder head or on the cylinder block.

Camshaft:

        The valves are operated by the action of the camshaft, which has separate cams for the inlet,
  and exhaust valves. The cam lifts the valve against the pressure of the spring and as soon as it
  changes position the spring closes the valve. The cam gets drive through either the gear or
  sprocket and chain system from the crankshaft. It rotates at half the speed of the camshaft.

Flywheel:

       This is usually made of cast iron and its primary function is to maintain uniform engine speed
  by carrying the crankshaft through the intervals when it is not receiving power from a piston.   The      size of the flywheel varies with the number of cylinders and the type and size of the
  engine. It also helps in balancing rotating masses.



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